Physical training attenuates right ventricular dysfunction in rats exposed to cigarette smoke

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the functional and morphological cardiac variables of rats exposed to chronic cigarette smoke (ECS) and to analyze the influence of exercise training on any cardiac remodeling. Methods: Male Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: control animals (C, n=10); control trained rats (CT, n=10), that underwent swimming physical training; ECS rats (E, n=10), that received the smoke of 40 cigarettes/day; and ECS plus trained rats (TE, n=10), that received the cigarette smoke plus the swimming training protocol, for 15 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals underwent hemodynamic measurements of the right ventricle (RV) and morphological examination. Results: There was a decrease in the body weight of E, TE and CT groups (p<0.05). RV pressure (maximum systolic, diastolic initial and end-diastolic) was increased in the E and ET groups (p <0.05), while there was a decrease in RV maximum derivative pressure, RV minimum derivative pressure (+dP/dt and -dP/dt) and systolic duration in the TE group (p <0.05). Heart rate increased in the E group (p<0.05). The lung weight/body weight ratio was higher in the TE group (p=0.008). Fluid retention was increased in the RV, left ventricle (LV) and lung of the E group (p<0.001). Conclusion: ECS caused right ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension and cardiac remodeling. Physical training attenuated the effects of ECS for heart rate responses and the morphological variables of the RV, LV, and the lung.

Influência da exposição à fumaça de cigarro e do treinamento físico no apetite e desenvolvimento corporal em ratos / Influence of exposure to cigarette smoke and physical training in appetite and body development in rats

O fumo apresenta potencial para promover alterações no sistema hormonal, apetite e, consequentemente, na ingestãoalimentar. Por sua vez, o treinamento físico amplia a demanda metabólica, exerce efeito substancial sobre o balançoenergético. Objetivou-se verificar a influência do tabagismo e do treinamento físico no apetite e no desenvolvimentodo peso corporal em ratos. Utilizou-se ratos Wistar (n=40, entre 200g e 250g) distribuídos em quatro grupos: Controle(C); Controle Treinado (CT); Exposto (E); Treinado/Exposto (TE). A exposição à fumaça de cigarro (EFC) e treinamento(natação) durou 15 semanas. Os animais foram pesados semanalmente e a ingestão alimentar pesada diariamente.Analisou-se com ANOVA de duas vias e adotou-se nível de significância de 5%. A ingestão nos ratos EFC foi menor,comparado com os não EFC (p=0,001). Os ratos treinados apresentaram menores valores na ingestão em relação aosnão treinados (p=0,044). A interação estatística entre os fatores (fumo e natação) interferiu na ingestão (p=0,013). Ascurvas de crescimento apresentaram valores inferiores de peso corporal nos grupos EFC. Houve interação estatísticaentre os fatores fumo e natação para o peso corporal (p=0,046). Ocorreu diferença estatística com maiores valores paraos pesos do coração, pulmão e tíbia nos grupos não EFC, em comparação aos ratos EFC. Conclui-se que a EFC inibeo apetite e promove prejuízo no desenvolvimento corporal. E, o treinamento físico apresenta influência no balançoenergético negativo cronicamente, com diminuição no ganho de peso. Porém, não interfere no desenvolvimentocorporal, sendo benéfico diferentemente da exposição à fumaça de cigarro.(AU)

The tobacco has the potential to cause changes in the hormonal system, appetite and therefore food intake. In turn,physical training increases metabolic demand, exerts a substantial effect on the energy balance. This study aimed toverify the influence of smoking and physical training in appetite and the development of body weight in rats. Rats Wistarwere used (n=40, between 200g and 250g) rats were distributed into four groups: control (C); Trained control (TC);Exposure (E); Trained / exposure (TE). Exposure to cigarette smoke (ECS) and training (swimming) lasted 15 weeks.The animals were weighed weekly and food intake weighed daily. Analyzed with two-way ANOVA and was adopteda significance level of 5%. The ECS intake in rats was lower compared to the non ECS (p=0.001). The trained ratshad lower values in intake compared to untrained (p=0.044). The statistical interaction between factors (smoking andswimming) interfered with the intake (p=0.013). The growth curves showed lower body weight in the groups ECS. Wasno statistical interaction between smoking and factors swimming to body weight (p=0.046). Statistical difference withhigher values for the weights of the heart, lung, and tibia in group no ECS, compared to rats ECS. We conclude that ECSinhibits appetite and promotes loss in body development. And, physical training has chronically negative influence onenergy balance, with reduction in weight gain. However, it does not interfere with body development, and beneficialunlike exposure to cigarette smoke.(AU)

Influência da exposição à fumaça de cigarro e dotreinamento físico no apetite e desenvolvimentocorporal em ratos / Influence of exposure to cigarette smoke and physical training inappetite and body development in rats

O fumo apresenta potencial para promover alterações no sistema hormonal, apetite e, consequentemente, na ingestãoalimentar. Por sua vez, o treinamento físico amplia a demanda metabólica, exerce efeito substancial sobre o balançoenergético. Objetivou-se verificar a influência do tabagismo e do treinamento físico no apetite e no desenvolvimentodo peso corporal em ratos. Utilizou-se ratos Wistar (n=40, entre 200g e 250g) distribuídos em quatro grupos: Controle(C); Controle Treinado (CT); Exposto (E); Treinado/Exposto (TE). A exposição à fumaça de cigarro (EFC) e treinamento(natação) durou 15 semanas. Os animais foram pesados semanalmente e a ingestão alimentar pesada diariamente.Analisou-se com ANOVA de duas vias e adotou-se nível de significância de 5%. A ingestão nos ratos EFC foi menor,comparado com os não EFC (p=0,001). Os ratos treinados apresentaram menores valores na ingestão em relação aosnão treinados (p=0,044). A interação estatística entre os fatores (fumo e natação) interferiu na ingestão (p=0,013). Ascurvas de crescimento apresentaram valores inferiores de peso corporal nos grupos EFC. Houve interação estatísticaentre os fatores fumo e natação para o peso corporal (p=0,046). Ocorreu diferença estatística com maiores valores paraos pesos do coração, pulmão e tíbia nos grupos não EFC, em comparação aos ratos EFC. Conclui-se que a EFC inibeo apetite e promove prejuízo no desenvolvimento corporal. E, o treinamento físico apresenta influência no balançoenergético negativo cronicamente, com diminuição no ganho de peso. Porém, não interfere no desenvolvimentocorporal, sendo benéfico diferentemente da exposição à fumaça de cigarro.

The tobacco has the potential to cause changes in the hormonal system, appetite and therefore food intake. In turn,physical training increases metabolic demand, exerts a substantial effect on the energy balance. This study aimed toverify the influence of smoking and physical training in appetite and the development of body weight in rats. Rats Wistarwere used (n=40, between 200g and 250g) rats were distributed into four groups: control (C); Trained control (TC);Exposure (E); Trained / exposure (TE). Exposure to cigarette smoke (ECS) and training (swimming) lasted 15 weeks.The animals were weighed weekly and food intake weighed daily. Analyzed with two-way ANOVA and was adopteda significance level of 5%. The ECS intake in rats was lower compared to the non ECS (p=0.001). The trained ratshad lower values in intake compared to untrained (p=0.044). The statistical interaction between factors (smoking andswimming) interfered with the intake (p=0.013). The growth curves showed lower body weight in the groups ECS. Wasno statistical interaction between smoking and factors swimming to body weight (p=0.046). Statistical difference withhigher values for the weights of the heart, lung, and tibia in group no ECS, compared to rats ECS. We conclude that ECSinhibits appetite and promotes loss in body development. And, physical training has chronically negative influence onenergy balance, with reduction in weight gain. However, it does not interfere with body development, and beneficialunlike exposure to cigarette smoke.

Obesity Resistance Promotes Mild Contractile Dysfunction Associated with Intracellular Ca2+ Handling / Resistência à Obesidade Promove Disfunção Contrátil Leve Associada com Trânsito Ca2+ Intracelular

Abstract Background: Diet-induced obesity is frequently used to demonstrate cardiac dysfunction. However, some rats, like humans, are susceptible to developing an obesity phenotype, whereas others are resistant to that. Objective: To evaluate the association between obesity resistance and cardiac function, and the impact of obesity resistance on calcium handling. Methods: Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were distributed into two groups, each with 54 animals: control (C; standard diet) and obese (four palatable high-fat diets) for 15 weeks. After the experimental protocol, rats consuming the high-fat diets were classified according to the adiposity index and subdivided into obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR). Nutritional profile, comorbidities, and cardiac remodeling were evaluated. Cardiac function was assessed by papillary muscle evaluation at baseline and after inotropic maneuvers. Results: The high-fat diets promoted increase in body fat and adiposity index in OP rats compared with C and OR rats. Glucose, lipid, and blood pressure profiles remained unchanged in OR rats. In addition, the total heart weight and the weight of the left and right ventricles in OR rats were lower than those in OP rats, but similar to those in C rats. Baseline cardiac muscle data were similar in all rats, but myocardial responsiveness to a post-rest contraction stimulus was compromised in OP and OR rats compared with C rats. Conclusion: Obesity resistance promoted specific changes in the contraction phase without changes in the relaxation phase. This mild abnormality may be related to intracellular Ca2+ handling.

Resumo Fundamento: A obesidade induzida por dieta é frequentemente utilizada para demonstração de disfunção cardíaca. No entanto, alguns ratos, como humanos, são suscetíveis ao desenvolvimento de um fenótipo de obesidade, enquanto outros são resistentes. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre resistência à obesidade e função cardíaca e o impacto da resistência à obesidade no trânsito de cálcio. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos com trinta dias de idade foram distribuídos em dois grupos com 54 animais cada: controle (C; dieta padrão) e obesos (quatro dietas palatáveis hiperlipídicas) por 15 semanas. Após o protocolo experimental, os ratos alimentados por dietas hiperlipídicas foram classificados de acordo com o índice de adiposidade e subdivididos em propensos à obesidade (PO) e resistentes à obesidade (RO). Foram avaliados o perfil nutricional, comorbidades e remodelação cardíaca. A função cardíaca foi avaliada pelo estudo do músculo papilar isolado em condições basais e após manobras inotrópicas. Resultados: As dietas hiperlipídicas promoveram aumento na gordura corporal e no índice de adiposidade em ratos PO comparados com ratos C e RO. Os perfis de glicose, lipídios e pressão arterial permaneceram inalterados em ratos RO. Além disso, os ratos RO apresentaram peso total do coração e dos ventrículos direito e esquerdo mais baixos do que ratos PO, mas semelhantes aos ratos C. Os músculos cardíacos de todos os ratos apresentaram dados semelhantes na condição basal, mas a resposta miocárdica a um estímulo de contração pós-pausa estava comprometida em ratos PO e RO em comparação aos ratos C. Conclusão: A resistência à obesidade promoveu alterações específicas na fase de contração, sem alterar a fase de relaxamento. Esta anormalidade leve pode estar relacionada com o trânsito intracelular de Ca+2.

Obesity Resistance Promotes Mild Contractile Dysfunction Associated with Intracellular Ca2+ Handling.

BACKGROUND: Diet-induced obesity is frequently used to demonstrate cardiac dysfunction. However, some rats, like humans, are susceptible to developing an obesity phenotype, whereas others are resistant to that. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between obesity resistance and cardiac function, and the impact of obesity resistance on calcium handling. METHODS: Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were distributed into two groups, each with 54 animals: control (C; standard diet) and obese (four palatable high-fat diets) for 15 weeks. After the experimental protocol, rats consuming the high-fat diets were classified according to the adiposity index and subdivided into obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR). Nutritional profile, comorbidities, and cardiac remodeling were evaluated. Cardiac function was assessed by papillary muscle evaluation at baseline and after inotropic maneuvers. RESULTS: The high-fat diets promoted increase in body fat and adiposity index in OP rats compared with C and OR rats. Glucose, lipid, and blood pressure profiles remained unchanged in OR rats. In addition, the total heart weight and the weight of the left and right ventricles in OR rats were lower than those in OP rats, but similar to those in C rats. Baseline cardiac muscle data were similar in all rats, but myocardial responsiveness to a post-rest contraction stimulus was compromised in OP and OR rats compared with C rats. CONCLUSION: Obesity resistance promoted specific changes in the contraction phase without changes in the relaxation phase. This mild abnormality may be related to intracellular Ca2+ handling.

O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física / UFES: Pesquisa e ensino em atividade física & saúde / Postgraduate Program in Physical Education / UFES: Research and education in physical education and health

A pesquisa e a formação de recursos humanos em atividade física e saúde têm importância significativa para o desenvolvimento da pós-graduação em educação física no país. O presente artigo apresenta os laboratórios e linhas de pesquisa do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (PPGEF/UFES) com aderência a esta temática. São descritos o contexto, ações e motivações que possibilitaram a abertura da área de concentração em Educação Física, movimento corporal humano e saúde, suas respectivas linhas de pesquisa, os princípios gerais adotados na formação de novos pesquisadores, as temáticas específicas de cada grupo e as parcerias e redes de pesquisa estabelecidas. Como conclusão, indicamos o potencial de contribuição das linhas de pesquisa do PPGEF/UFES para o conhecimento sobre o tema e o desenvolvimento regional.

Research and training of human resources in physical activity and health have significant importance for the development of graduate in physical education in the country. This article presents laboratories and research lines of the Postgraduate Program in Physical Education of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (PPGEF / UFES) related to that subject. Context, actions and motivations that made possible the opening of a major in Physical Education, Human body movement and health, their respective research lines, general principles adopted in the training of new researchers, their specific themes, partnerships and research networks established are described. In conclusion, we point out the potential of contribution of the PPGEF / UFES for the knowledge on the subject and the regional development.

Training and cardiovascular responses from cigarette smoke exposure.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the early effect of the endurance training (ET) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR) and rate pressure-product (RPP) after acute cigarette smoke exposure. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups: trained (TEx; n = 10) and control (CEx; n = 10), exposed to smoke. TEx rats undertook ET during 2 weeks (swimming, 5 days/week; 1 h/session) and CEx group was kept in sedentary lifestyle. After ET protocol both groups were exposed to cigarette smoke only once (total 1 h; 2 × 30 min with interval of 10 min between exposures; rate of 10 cigarettes/30 min). SBP, HR and RPP were measured after 2 weeks and just after (5 min) acute cigarette smoke (tail plethysmograph). All parameters did not differ (P > 0.05) between TEx (RPP = 45018 ± 1970 mmHg/bpm) and CEx (43695 ± 2579 mmHg/bpm) after ET protocol. However, all cardiovascular parameters increased (P < 0.05) only for CEx just after the cigarette smoke exposure. We concluded that ET can attenuate the aggression from acute smoking to cardiovascular system, with a few days of training and even with no chronic effect on these parameters at basal condition.

Perspectivas econômicas no futebol do estado do Espírito Santo / Economic prospects in football at the state of Espírito Santo

A participação do futebol do Espírito Santo (ES) na Série D do campeonato nacional destoa de seu potencial econômico. A partir dessa hipótese, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o potencial de desenvolvimento do futebol do Estado do ES, a partir da sua capacidade econômica. Este artigo discute economicamente o futebol brasileiro como mercado produtivo, o contexto do futebol capixaba no cenário para, posteriormente, relacionar o produto interno bruto (PIB) do ES com sua posição no ranking de federações da Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (CBF). Os achados indicam que a realidade do futebol capixaba não condiz com o potencial econômico local e que outras federações conseguem melhores resultados, apesar de apresentarem condição econômica inferior...

The participation of the Espírito Santo clubs in the football National Championship Series D clash with its economic potential. From this hypothesis, the objective of this study was analyze the potential development of football in the state of Espirito Santo (ES) from its economic capacity. We discuss Brazilian football as economically productive market, the context of football capixaba to later relate the gross domestic product (GDP) of ES with the ranking of associations of the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF). Our findings indicate that the reality of football capixaba is not consistent with the local economic potential, and that other federations get better results despite having lower economic status...

La participación de los equipos del estado de Espírito Santo en el campeonato de fútbol (cuarta división) se choca con su potencial económico. A partir de esta hipó­ tesis, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial de desarrollo del fútbol en el estado de la ES de su capacidad económica. Analisamos el fútbol de Brasil comomercado económicamente productivo, el contexto del fútbol capixaba en el escenario nacional, relacionando el producto interno bruto (PIB) del ES con la clasificación de las asociaciones de la Confederación Brasileña de Fútbol (CBF). Nuestros hallazgos indican que la realidad del fútbol capixaba no es coherente con su potencial económico, y que otras federaciones alcanzan mejores resultados a pesar de tener menor estatus económico...

Disfunção miocárdica e alterações no trânsito de cálcio intracelular em ratos obesos / Myocardial dysfunction and abnormalities in intracellular calcium handling in obese rats

FUNDAMENTO: Vários mecanismos têm sido propostos contribuir para a disfunção cardíaca em modelos de obesidade, tais como alterações nas proteínas do trânsito de cálcio (Ca+2) e nos receptores beta-adrenérgicos. Todavia, o papel desses fatores no desenvolvimento da disfunção miocárdica induzida pela obesidade ainda não está claro. OBJETIVO: Este estudo pretende investigar se a obesidade induzida por um ciclo de dieta hipercalóricas resulta em disfunção cardíaca. Além disso, foi avaliado se essa alteração funcional em ratos obesos está relacionada com o prejuízo do trânsito de Ca+2 e do sistema beta-adrenérgico. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos, 30 dias de idade, foram alimentados com ração padrão (C) e um ciclo de cinco dietas hipercalóricas (Ob) por 15 semanas. A obesidade foi definida pelo aumento da porcentagem de gordura corporal dos ratos. A função cardíaca foi avaliada mediante análise isolada do músculo papilar do ventrículo esquerdo em condições basais e após manobras inotrópicas e lusitrópicas. RESULTADOS: Em comparação com o grupo controle, os ratos obesos apresentaram aumento da gordura corporal e intolerância a glicose. Os músculos dos ratos obesos desenvolveram valores basais semelhantes; entretanto, as respostas miocárdicas ao potencial pós-pausa e aumento de Ca+2 extracelular foram comprometidas. Não houve alterações na função cardíaca entre os grupos após a estimulação beta-adrenérgica. CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade promove disfunção cardíaca relacionada com alterações no trânsito de Ca+2 intracelular. Esse prejuízo funcional é provavelmente ocasionado pela redução da atividade da bomba de Ca+2 do retículo sarcoplasmático (SERCA2a) via Ca+2 calmodulina-quinase.

BACKGROUND: Several mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to cardiac dysfunction in obesity models, such as alterations in calcium (Ca2+) handling proteins and β-adrenergic receptors. Nevertheless, the role of these factors in the development of myocardial dysfunction induced by obesity is still not clear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether obesity induced by hypercaloric diets results in cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether this functional abnormality in obese rats is related to abnormal Ca2+ handling and the β-adrenoceptor system. METHODS: Male 30-day-old Wistar rats were fed with standard food (C) and a cycle of five hypercaloric diets (Ob) for 15 weeks. Obesity was defined as increases in body fat percentage in rats. Cardiac function was evaluated by isolated analysis of the left ventricle papillary muscle under basal conditions and after inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the obese rats had increased body fat and glucose intolerance. The muscles of obese rats developed similar baseline data, but the myocardial responsiveness to post-rest contraction stimulus and increased extracellular Ca2+ were compromised. There were no changes in cardiac function between groups after β-adrenergic stimulation. CONCLUSION: Obesity promotes cardiac dysfunction related to changes in intracellular Ca2+ handling. This functional damage is probably caused by reduced cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2) activation via Ca2+ calmodulin kinase.

Myocardial dysfunction and abnormalities in intracellular calcium handling in obese rats.

BACKGROUND: Several mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to cardiac dysfunction in obesity models, such as alterations in calcium (Ca²âº) handling proteins and ß-adrenergic receptors. Nevertheless, the role of these factors in the development of myocardial dysfunction induced by obesity is still not clear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether obesity induced by hypercaloric diets results in cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether this functional abnormality in obese rats is related to abnormal Ca²âº handling and the ß-adrenoceptor system. METHODS: Male 30-day-old Wistar rats were fed with standard food (C) and a cycle of five hypercaloric diets (Ob) for 15 weeks. Obesity was defined as increases in body fat percentage in rats. Cardiac function was evaluated by isolated analysis of the left ventricle papillary muscle under basal conditions and after inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the obese rats had increased body fat and glucose intolerance. The muscles of obese rats developed similar baseline data, but the myocardial responsiveness to post-rest contraction stimulus and increased extracellular Ca²âº were compromised. There were no changes in cardiac function between groups after ß-adrenergic stimulation. CONCLUSION: Obesity promotes cardiac dysfunction related to changes in intracellular Ca²âº handling. This functional damage is probably caused by reduced cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²âº ATPase (SERCA2) activation via Ca²âº calmodulin kinase.

Involvement of L-type calcium channel and SERCA2a in myocardial dysfunction induced by obesity.

Obesity has been shown to impair myocardial performance. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the participation of calcium (Ca(2+) ) handling on cardiac dysfunction in obesity models remain unknown. L-type Ca(2+) channels and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) -ATPase (SERCA2a), may contribute to the cardiac dysfunction induced by obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether myocardial dysfunction in obese rats is related to decreased activity and/or expression of L-type Ca(2+) channels and SERCA2a. Male 30-day-old Wistar rats were fed standard (C) and alternately four palatable high-fat diets (Ob) for 15 weeks. Obesity was determined by adiposity index and comorbidities were evaluated. Myocardial function was evaluated in isolated left ventricle papillary muscles under basal conditions and after inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers. L-type Ca(2+) channels and SERCA2a activity were determined using specific blockers, while changes in the amount of channels were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Phospholamban (PLB) protein expression and the SERCA2a/PLB ratio were also determined. Compared with C rats, the Ob rats had increased body fat, adiposity index and several comorbidities. The Ob muscles developed similar baseline data, but myocardial responsiveness to post-rest contraction stimulus and increased extracellular Ca(2+) was compromised. The diltiazem promoted higher inhibition on developed tension in obese rats. In addition, there were no changes in the L-type Ca(2+) channel protein content and SERCA2a behavior (activity and expression). In conclusion, the myocardial dysfunction caused by obesity is related to L-type Ca(2+) channel activity impairment without significant changes in SERCA2a expression and function as well as L-type Ca(2+) protein levels.

Proprioceptive and strength endurance training prevent soccer injuries / Treinamento proprioceptivo e de força resistente previnem lesões no futebol

Objective - Injuries may exclude athletes from important games and competitions and abbreviate their careers. Then, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of proprioceptive training and strength endurance on the incidence of ankle sprains and muscle injuries in soccer. Methods - Thirteen athletes who played in the Paulista Championship in first division (U20) participated. The incidence of muscular injuries in lower limbs and ankle sprains that did not proceed from direct trauma was recorded during two seasons. Besides the normal training, the analysis was divided into two situations: in the first season (S1) were involved with proprioceptive exercises (twice per week and before games in the warm up) and strength endurance (twice a week for the muscles thigh). The following season (T2), these works were not performed and served as controls. For statistical analysis the non parametric test McNemar (pared observations) for season comparison (before and after) was used with 5% significance. Results - The incidence of muscle injuries was higher (P <0.05) in the nonintervention period S2 when compared to the preparation period with muscular and proprioceptive S1 (6 x 1 lesions) with the same occurring with the ankle sprains (4 x 1).Conclusion - We conclude that simple exercises of proprioception and muscular endurance decreases the incidence of injuries in soccerplayers, and are therefore preventive.

Objetivo - Lesões afastam atletas de jogos e competições importantes, podendo abreviar a carreira de futebolistas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito do treinamento proprioceptivo e de força resistente sobre a incidência de entorses de tornozelo e lesões musculares em futebolistas. Métodos - Treze atletas que disputavam o Campeonato Paulista da 1ª divisão (sub-20) participaram. A incidência de lesões musculares nos membros inferiores e entorses de tornozelo que não decorreram de traumas diretos foram registrados durante duas temporadas. Além dos treinamentos normais, a análise foi dividida em duas situações: na primeira temporada (T1) houve intervenção com exercícios proprioceptivos (duas vezes por semana e antes dos jogos no aquecimento) e treinamento de força resistente (duas vezes por semana para a musculatura da coxa). Na temporada seguinte (T2) esses trabalhos não foram realizados e serviu como controle. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste não paramétrico de McNemar (observações pareadas) para comparações entre as temporadas (pré e pós) com significância adotada de 5%. Resultados - A incidência de lesões musculares foi maior (P < 0,05) no período sem intervenção T2 quando comparado ao período com preparação muscular e proprioceptiva T1 (6 x 1 lesões) com o mesmo ocorrendo em relação aos entorses de tornozelo (4 x 1). Conclusão - Conclui-se que exercícios simples de propriocepção e de força resistente diminuem a incidência de lesões em futebolistas e são, portanto, preventivos.

Exposure time and ventricular remodeling induced by tobacco smoke exposure in rats.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the effects of length of exposure to tobacco smoke on the cardiac remodeling process induced by exposure to cigarette smoke in rats. MATERIAL/METHODS: Rats were separated into 4 groups: nonsmoking (NS)2 (n=25; control animals not exposed to tobacco smoke for 2 months), smoking (S)2 (n=22; rats exposed to smoke from 40 cigarettes/d for 2 months), NS6 (n=18; control animals not exposed to tobacco smoke for 6 months), and S6 (n=25; rats exposed to smoke from 40 cigarettes/d for 6 months). All animals underwent echocardiographic, isolated heart, and morphometric studies. Data were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: No interaction among the variables was found; this suggests that length of exposure to tobacco smoke did not influence the effects of exposure to smoke. Values for left ventricular diastolic diameter/body weight and left atrium/body weight were higher (p=0.023 and p=0.001, respectively) in smoking (S2 and S6) than in nonsmoking animals (NS2 and NS6). Left ventricular mass index was higher (p=0.048) in smoking than in nonsmoking animals. In the isovolumetrically beating ventricle, peak systolic pressure was higher (p=0.034) in smoking than in nonsmoking animals. Significantly higher values were found for left ventricular weight (p=0.017) and right ventricular weight (p=0.001) adjusted for body weight in smoking as opposed to nonsmoking animals. Systolic pressure was higher (p=0.001) in smoking (128+/-14 mm Hg) than in nonsmoking animals (112+/-11 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS: Length of exposure to cigarette smoke did not influence cardiac remodeling caused by exposure to smoke in rats.

Tobacco smoke-induced left ventricular remodelling is not associated with metalloproteinase-2 or -9 activation.

AIM: To investigate the role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cardiac remodelling induced by tobacco smoke exposure in rats. METHODS: Rats were allocated into two groups: C (n=9): control animals; ETS (n=9): exposed to tobacco smoke. After 4months, the animals underwent echocardiography, morphometric study and determination of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. RESULTS: ETS rats had larger diastolic (C=15.6 +/-1.2 mm/kg, ETS=18.0+/-0.9 mm/kg; p < 0.001) and systolic (C=7.3+/-1.2 mm/kg, ETS=9.2+/-0.9 mm/kg; p=0.001) ventricular diameters adjusted for body weight. Fractional shortening (C=53+/-4.8%, ETS=48+/- 3.3%; p=0.031) and ejection fraction (C=0.89+/-0.03, ETS=0.86+/-0.02; p=0.030) were smaller in the ETS group. Myocyte cross-sectional area (C=245+/-8 microm2, ETS=253+/-8 microm2; p=0.028) was higher in ETS rats. There were no differences in MMP-2 (C=50+/-14%; ETS=43+/-11%, p=0.228) or MMP-9 (C=0.36+/-0.3%; ETS=0.62+/-0.3%, p=0.630) activity between the groups. CONCLUSION: MMP-2 and MMP-9 did not participate in the remodelling process induced by tobacco smoke exposure.

Influência do tempo de exposição à fumaça de cigarro na remodelação ventricular em ratos / Influence of the time of exposure to cigarrete smoke in the ventricular remodeling in rats

O efeito da exposição à fumaça de cigarro (EFC) tem sido extensivamente estudado; entretanto, os efeitos diretos cardíacos da fumaça de cigarro despertam menos atenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as alterações cardíacas estruturais e funcionais causadas pela EFC, em ratos e, analisar a influência do tempo de EFC na remodelação ventricular. Material e método - Ratos Wistar adultos foram alocados em dois grupos: controle (C, n igual 43), subdividido em dois grupos, controle dois meses (C2, n igual 25), controle seis meses (C6, n igual 18) e grupo fumante (F, n igual 47), igualmente, subdivididos em dois grupos, fumante dois meses (F2, n igual 22) e fumante seis meses (F6, n igual 25), que foram expostos à fumaça de cigarro, respectivamente por períodos de dois e seis meses. Todos os animais foram pesados e tiveram mensurado na cauda a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS). A função cardíaca foi estudada pelo método ecocardiográfico (in vivo) e pelo método do coração isolado (in vitro) contraindo isovolumetricamente. Resultados - Não houve diferença significante no peso do corpo (PC) entre os grupos controle e fumante. Foram observados valores maiores para o átrio esquerdo (AE), com p igual 0,005, entre os grupos C e o grupo F, para o AE, corrigido pelo peso do corpo (AE/PC), com p igual 0,001 e índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo (IMVE), com p igual 0,048. Foi observada interação estatística significante para o diâmetro diastólíco do ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE), corrigido pelo peso do corpo dos animais (DDVE/PC), com diferença (p igual 0,023) entre o grupo C e o grupo F, também, com diferença (p igual 0,048) entre o grupo dois meses e o grupo seis meses e valores diferentemente (p igual 0,010) entre fumantes e o tempo de exposição ao fumo. Para PAS, foi observada diferença significante na análise da PAS caudal nos grupos C2 e C6 (valores menores) em comparação com os grupos F2 e F6 (valores maiores).

[Chronic cigarette smoke exposure results in cardiac remodeling and impaired ventricular function in rats]. / A exposição crônica à fumaça do cigarro resulta em remodelação cardíaca e prejuízo da função ventricular em ratos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiac structural and functional alterations caused by cigarette smoke exposure in rats. METHODS: The animals were randomly distributed into the following 2 groups: 1) smokers (S), comprising 10 animals exposed to cigarette smoke at a rate of 40 cigarettes/day; and 2) control (C), comprising 10 animals not exposed to cigarette smoke. After 4 months, the animals underwent morphological and functional study with echocardiography. The variables studied were analyzed by use of the t test or the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The smoking rats had a greater left atrium (S=4.2+/-0.7 mm; C=3.5+/-0.6 mm; P<0.05), and greater left ventricular diastolic (S=7.9+/-0.7 mm; C=7.2+/-0.5 mm; P<0.05) and systolic (S=4.1+/-0.5; C=3.4+/-0.5; P<0.05) diameters. The left ventricular mass index was greater in the smoking animals (S=1.5 mg/kg+/-0.2; C=1.3 mg/kg+/-0.2; P<0.05), and the ejection fraction (S=0.85+/-0.03; C=0.89+/-0.03; P<0.05) and the shortening fraction (S=47.8%+/-3.7; C=52.7%+/-4.6; P<0.05) were greater in the control group. No differences were observed in the diastolic transmitral flow variables (E wave, A wave, and E/A ratio). CONCLUSION: Chronic cigarette smoke exposure results in cardiac remodeling with a decrease in ventricular functional capacity.

A exposição crônica à fumaça do cigarro resulta em remodelação cardíaca e prejuízo da função ventricular em ratos / Chronic cigarette smoke exposure results in cardiac remodeling and impaired ventricular function in rats

OBJETIVO: Determinar as alterações cardíacas estruturais e funcionais causadas pela exposição à fumaça do cigarro em ratos. MÉTODOS: Os animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: fumante (F), composto por 10 animais, expostos à fumaça do cigarro, na taxa de 40 cigarros/dia e controle (C), constituído por 10 animais não submetidos à exposição. Após 4 meses, os animais foram submetidos a estudo morfológico e funcional por meio do ecocardiograma. As variáveis estudadas foram analisadas pelo teste t ou pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Os ratos fumantes apresentaram maior átrio esquerdo (F=4,2± 0,7mm; C=3,5±0,6mm; p<0,05), maiores diâmetros diastólicos (F=7,9±0,7mm; C=7,2±0,5mm; p<0,05) e sistólicos (F=4,1 ±0,5; C=3,4±0,5; p<0,05) do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). O índice de massa do VE foi maior nos animais fumantes (F=1,5 mg/kg± 0,2; C=1,3 mg/kg±0,2; p<0,05), e a fração de ejeção (F=0,85±0,03; C=0,89±0,03; p<0,05) e a fração de encurtamento (F=47,8 por cento±3,7; C=52,7 por cento±4,6; p<0,05) maiores no grupo controle. Não foram identificadas diferenças nas variáveis de fluxo diastólico (onda E, na onda A e na relação E/A) transmitral. CONCLUSÃO: A exposição crônica à fumaça do cigarro resulta em remodelação cardíaca, com diminuição da capacidade funcional ventricular.